{"id":280,"date":"2025-09-22T15:57:17","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T22:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/infolit\/?page_id=280"},"modified":"2026-02-27T11:23:14","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T19:23:14","slug":"mla9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/mla9\/","title":{"rendered":"MLA Citations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use the <strong>M<\/strong>odern <strong>L<\/strong>anguage <strong>A<\/strong>ssociation (MLA) citation style for English and Humanities disciplines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Basic Structure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>Last Name, First Name.<\/code>&nbsp;<code>Title of Resource.<\/code>&nbsp;<code>Publication Info, Year.<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Library Support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-794e3cfa wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul id=\"bullet\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Librarians in-person and <a href=\"https:\/\/library.whatcom.edu\/services\/chat-with-us\">virtual<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Full manual available <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sbctc-whatcomctc.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/fulldisplay?&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01STATEWA_WHATCC:WHATCOM&amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&amp;tab=Everything&amp;docid=alma99803113002827\">LB 2369 .M52 2021<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"print\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-print \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M128 0C92.7 0 64 28.7 64 64v96h64V64H354.7L384 93.3V160h64V93.3c0-17-6.7-33.3-18.7-45.3L400 18.7C388 6.7 371.7 0 354.7 0H128zM384 352v32 64H128V384 368 352H384zm64 32h32c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V256c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64v96c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H64v64c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V384zM432 248a24 24 0 1 1 0 48 24 24 0 1 1 0-48z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Print Handout: <a href=\"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/infolit\/wp-content\/uploads\/MLA-8-Works-Cited.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MLA Handout [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:27px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In-Text References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Authors, dates, and page numbers can be cited in-text in several different ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>Example 1<\/strong>: James Fenmore Cooper writes, \u201cIt was in the scene of strife and bloodshed that the incidents we shall attempt to relate occurred\u201d (11).<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>Example 2<\/strong>: \u201cIt was in the scene of strife and bloodshed that the incidents we shall attempt to relate occurred\u201d (Cooper 11).<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\"><strong>Example 3<\/strong>: Walker (2000) compared reaction times favorably to his predecessor.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Works Cited section<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use the title<strong> Works Cited<\/strong> centered at the top of the page<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alphabetize by author last name, use a hanging indent, and double space<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bachelorprint.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MLA-Works-Cited-format-example.jpg\" alt=\"Example of a formatted &quot;Works Cited&quot; page with entries in alphabetical order with all second lines indented.\" style=\"width:600px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples of Specific Types of Resources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"book\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-book \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M96 0C43 0 0 43 0 96V416c0 53 43 96 96 96H384h32c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32V384c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V32c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H384 96zm0 384H352v64H96c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32zm32-240c0-8.8 7.2-16 16-16H336c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H144c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16zm16 48H336c8.8 0 16 7.2 16 16s-7.2 16-16 16H144c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16s7.2-16 16-16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Books and eBooks<\/summary>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading hanging-indent\">Formula:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last Name, First Name. <em>Title of Book.<\/em> Publisher, Year.<br \/><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hanging-indent wp-block-paragraph\">Burkhardt, Joanna M. <em>Teaching Information Literacy Reframed 50+ Framework-Based Exercises for Creating Information-Literate Learners<\/em>. Neal-Schuman, 2016.<br \/><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"book-open\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-book-open \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M249.6 471.5c10.8 3.8 22.4-4.1 22.4-15.5V78.6c0-4.2-1.6-8.4-5-11C247.4 52 202.4 32 144 32C93.5 32 46.3 45.3 18.1 56.1C6.8 60.5 0 71.7 0 83.8V454.1c0 11.9 12.8 20.2 24.1 16.5C55.6 460.1 105.5 448 144 448c33.9 0 79 14 105.6 23.5zm76.8 0C353 462 398.1 448 432 448c38.5 0 88.4 12.1 119.9 22.6c11.3 3.8 24.1-4.6 24.1-16.5V83.8c0-12.1-6.8-23.3-18.1-27.6C529.7 45.3 482.5 32 432 32c-58.4 0-103.4 20-123 35.6c-3.3 2.6-5 6.8-5 11V456c0 11.4 11.7 19.3 22.4 15.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Chapter in an anthology or edited book<\/summary>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Formula<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last name, First name. &#8220;Title of Chapter.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Title of Book<\/em>, edited by Editor&#8217;s Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of chapter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hanging-indent wp-block-paragraph\">Turan, Anusuya Chinsamy. \u201cPaleontology: The Knowledge in the Bones.\u201d <em>On Discovery: How Knowledge Is Produced across the Disciplines<\/em>, Ed. Jonathan Jansen, Cambridge University Press, 2025, pp. 129-139.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"newspaper\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-newspaper \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M96 96c0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H80c-44.2 0-80-35.8-80-80V128c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V400c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16V96zm64 24v80c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H296c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V120c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H184c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24zm208-8c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h48c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H384c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zm0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h48c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H384c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zM160 304c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H432c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H176c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zm0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H432c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16H176c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Articles (journals, trades, newspapers, magazines)<\/summary>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Format<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Author(s). \u201cTitle of Article\u201d. <em>Journal\/Magazine\/Newspaper Title, <\/em> Publication Info [vol, no. year, pp]. URL or DOI (preferred).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hanging-indent wp-block-paragraph\">Lever, Aldo. \u201cLiberalism, Democracy, and the Ethics of Voting.\u201d <em>Politics<\/em>, vol. 29, no. 3, 2009, pp. 223-227. <\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"globe\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-globe \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M352 256c0 22.2-1.2 43.6-3.3 64H163.3c-2.2-20.4-3.3-41.8-3.3-64s1.2-43.6 3.3-64H348.7c2.2 20.4 3.3 41.8 3.3 64zm28.8-64H503.9c5.3 20.5 8.1 41.9 8.1 64s-2.8 43.5-8.1 64H380.8c2.1-20.6 3.2-42 3.2-64s-1.1-43.4-3.2-64zm112.6-32H376.7c-10-63.9-29.8-117.4-55.3-151.6c78.3 20.7 142 77.5 171.9 151.6zm-149.1 0H167.7c6.1-36.4 15.5-68.6 27-94.7c10.5-23.6 22.2-40.7 33.5-51.5C239.4 3.2 248.7 0 256 0s16.6 3.2 27.8 13.8c11.3 10.8 23 27.9 33.5 51.5c11.6 26 20.9 58.2 27 94.7zm-209 0H18.6C48.6 85.9 112.2 29.1 190.6 8.4C165.1 42.6 145.3 96.1 135.3 160zM8.1 192H131.2c-2.1 20.6-3.2 42-3.2 64s1.1 43.4 3.2 64H8.1C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256s2.8-43.5 8.1-64zM194.7 446.6c-11.6-26-20.9-58.2-27-94.6H344.3c-6.1 36.4-15.5 68.6-27 94.6c-10.5 23.6-22.2 40.7-33.5 51.5C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 256 512s-16.6-3.2-27.8-13.8c-11.3-10.8-23-27.9-33.5-51.5zM135.3 352c10 63.9 29.8 117.4 55.3 151.6C112.2 482.9 48.6 426.1 18.6 352H135.3zm358.1 0c-30 74.1-93.6 130.9-171.9 151.6c25.5-34.2 45.2-87.7 55.3-151.6H493.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Websites<\/summary>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Formula<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Author(s). \u201cTitle.\u201d  Title of website, Publication info (date or date updated). URL (optional include date accessed if it is likely to help readers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hanging-indent wp-block-paragraph\">Roser, Max, and Estebgan Ortiz-Ospina. \u201cLiteracy.\u201d<em> Our World In Data<\/em>, 20 Sep 2018, https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/literacy<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"film\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-film \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM48 368v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V368c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zm368-16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V368c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H416zM48 240v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V240c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zm368-16c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V240c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H416zM48 112v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V112c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16zM416 96c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v32c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V112c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H416zM160 128v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H320c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V128c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zm32 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H320c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V320c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Videos (e.g. YouTube, Tik Toks)<\/summary>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Formula<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Author\/Uploader. \u201cTitle of video.\u201d Platform, Date uploaded, URL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Example<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"hanging-indent wp-block-paragraph\">University of Chicago. \u201cEuropean Cartographers and the Ottoman World, 1500\u20141750\u201d. YouTube, 12 Dec 2007, Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watchz.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><span class=\"wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon wp-font-awesome-icon\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"fas\" data-icon=\"image\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-image \" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M0 96C0 60.7 28.7 32 64 32H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V416c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V96zM323.8 202.5c-4.5-6.6-11.9-10.5-19.8-10.5s-15.4 3.9-19.8 10.5l-87 127.6L170.7 297c-4.6-5.7-11.5-9-18.7-9s-14.2 3.3-18.7 9l-64 80c-5.8 7.2-6.9 17.1-2.9 25.4s12.4 13.6 21.6 13.6h96 32H424c8.9 0 17.1-4.9 21.2-12.8s3.6-17.4-1.4-24.7l-120-176zM112 192a48 48 0 1 0 0-96 48 48 0 1 0 0 96z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span> Images and Artwork<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vincent van Gogh, artist. \u201cStarry Night.\u201d MoMA Learning, 1889, retrieved 10 Jan 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:22px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annotated Biographies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Annotations should be appear after the citation entry.  Your annotations should be indented. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style for English and Humanities disciplines. Basic Structure Last Name, First Name.&nbsp;Title of Resource.&nbsp;Publication Info, Year. Library Support In-Text References Authors, dates, and page numbers can be cited in-text in several different ways. Example 1: James Fenmore Cooper writes, \u201cIt was in the scene of strife and bloodshed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[347],"tags":[334,338],"class_list":["post-280","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-tutorials","tag-citation","tag-mla"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=280"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19323,"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/280\/revisions\/19323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=280"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=280"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/librarywp.whatcom.edu\/guides\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}